Non-Conventional Energy Resources

no-Conventional Energy Re man-made lakesIndia is a country rich in natural resources as rise up as in population. In order to cater to the essentials of ever increase population, we have to hold our natural resources by utilizing them cargonfully. Energy resources ar considered to be the most pick uped resources for the existence of mankind. The courtly goose egg resources uniform gas, oil color colour and coal are utilize everywhere starting from the household chores to industrial activities. As the conventional resources are subject to depletion nature and natesnot be regenerated immediately, there is a rummage close to for alternative sources of cleverness. The goernment of India has recognized the engage for the culture and forwarding of non-conventional zero resources worry solar thrust, nothingness- dynamism, bio-mass free strength etc to conserve conventional resources. Establishment of Non conventional Energy knowledge mass of Andhra Pradesh expres s mail (NEDCAP) is a milestone in this endeavor. The article highlights the importance of non-conventional energy resources and the use of goods and services of NEDCAP in promoting these sources and discusses the various sources of non-conventional energy and highlighted the efforts of NEDCAP in saving of conventional sources of energy.* separate Professor Head, Dept. of Management, Auroras PG College, Hyderabad and can be reached emailprotected**Assistant Professor, Dept of Business Administration, PVP Siddartha Institute of Technology, Vijayawada and can be reached emailprotectedIntroductionThe conventional energy resources are continuously registering a diminishing balance with the population explosion and industrialization-taking place all around the world. India is the second tumespennyst in the world in the statistics of population and considered to be 6th in the consumption of energy as per the study conducted by the regimen of A.P. In view of the existence of a large gap betwixt the requirements of the population and the handiness of the conventional sources of energy there is a need for the development of a sustainable resource base alternative for the conventional energy resources. The conventional energy resources are the natural resources like coal, oil and gas. With the rapid developments taking place in the industrial area the need for energy is to a fault increasing constantly. It has become inevitable to supplement the depletable resources with renewable resources to cater to the needs of the future timess tellingly. Fortunately, India is gifted with large standard of sustainable non-conventional energy resources like solar berth, suggestion and biomass along with flyspeck hydro office staff and industrial and domestic hooks. These resources are natural, cost cease, ready(prenominal) abundantly and readily usable for the generation of energy in different forms. tho these are pollution free and hence can be utilise to produce clean form of energy without any wastage a deviate from cosmos renewable. So there is a need for the development of non-conventional energy resources in the country.Non-Conventional Energy ResourcesAs the imply for authority and energy is increasing chop-chop and depletion of natural resources is taking place with the alike pace, the emergence of surroundal friendly and pollution free non-conventional energy resources has become a viable alternative. The non-conventional energy resources like solar energy through thermal as well as photovoltaic systems, wind energy, bio mass, hydal energy and industrial and household wastes allow for help the parsimony to a great extent in enhancing the designer generation subject and energy needs of different sectors. The following(a) is a brief presentation of the renewable sources of energy.Solar EnergyIndia has a locational emolument in receiving abundant radiant energy form the sun as it is located in the equatorial sun belt of the earth. Majority of the Indian continent is bestowed with clear sunny weather in all most 280-300 days of a year. Daily solar energy incident over India varies from 4-7 KWH per square up measure depending on the region. Solar energy can be used in two waysSolar Thermal novelty Conversion of solar energy into heat utilize devices of steel, copper, aluminum is called solar-thermal reincarnation. A solar thermal device captures and transfers the heat energy on hand(predicate) in the solar radiation. The energy generated can be used for varied applications in the household and industrial sectors like pissing heating plant systems, air heating systems, cooking and other household utilities.Solar Photovoltaic Conversion This is the conversion of solar energy into electricity use semi conductors and their hybrids to convert the solar energy into Direct Current form of electricity for the application of DC and AC. The electricity thus generated can be used to needs of domic ile lighting, street lighting and running motor pumps etc. The direct occurrent form of solar energy is a major technical retainer for SPV application.Wind EnergyThe evolution of windmills to convert wind power into energy, using wind turbines dates back to the beginning of the century. Denmark was the set-back country to install the first windmill for the generation of electricity. Later many countries entered into the field of wind energy. India started operations during 1983-84. The technology involves generation of electricity using turbines, which converts mechanical energy from the wind mills and is mainly used for pumping water from bore surface, open wells etc .However, average wind speed is major technical consideration to reign wind energy depending upon the climatic conditions and geographical locations of the project.Bio mass and other Bio energy systemsBio mass is yet another renewable source of energy with electromotive pinch to generate power to the extent of mo re than 50% of the requirements our country. Indian economy is predominantly an agricultural found economy with the availability of huge quantities of biomass available in the form of husk, straw, shells of coconuts and of wild bushes etc. Bio mass resources include large quantities cattle dung and other organic wastes. The biomass resources can be used for production of thermal energy or electricity. It can also be used to produce gas that may be used for blaze and to run gas engines.Small Hydro PowerHydropower is tapped from running waterfalls, canals and other water streams containing relatively atrophied quantities of water but with some force of falling. The force of falling and flowing water can be converted into electricity by using turbines. This is a cheaper and abundant source on energy in our country. It is estimated that nearly 15,000 MW of power can be generated with the dominance of the small hydro projects in the country. This power can be used to meet the requir ements of the region areas of the water streams like agro processing and milling.industrial and other WastesThese projects utilize the municipal and industrial wastes which has a problem for their disposal. The cleanliness of urban and industrial areas are achieved by utilizing these wastes as raw material to generate power. Wastes from the household, agricultural and industrial sectors are utilized to produce electricity. industrial wastes from sago manufacturing units sugar manufacturing units, poultries and others can be effectively used to produce power. This is a source of cheaper and renewable energy source available in India. Production of gases can also be belowtaken using the wastes.Government Initiatives in Conservation of EnergyRealizing the potential for energy from renewable sources, the government set up the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in 1992, which is now called MNRE. The native Minister directly controls the activities of the ministry. MNRE activities include promotion of renewable energy technologies, creating an environment conducive to promote renewable energy technologies and assessment of renewable energy resources. Various sources of renewable energy are identified and policies are create to supplement the conventional energy resources under the auspices of the ministry. Nodal agencies with different names have been established in different shows to achieve the primary physical object of supplementing the energy needs of the presents.Non-Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh Limiited (NEDCAP)The nodal agency of Andhra pradesh is popularly called NEDCAP. Initially the name is Agro Pumpsets Implements Ltd., (APIL) for implementing non-conventional energy programmes sponsored by both the call forth and primeval Governments. The corporation was incorporated on 21.10.1969 and was renamed as NEDCAP on 10-5-1986. The primary objectives of the Corporation areTo survey, develop and impleme nt renewable energy programmes of the State and of import Governments.To generate electricity through renewable sources like wind and solar energy on a decentralised manner.To conserve the sources of energy in rustic areas.To import and adopt viable technology and machinery in the areas of Non-Conventional energy sources and ensures post installation service.To impart training and to promote research and development in the field of Non-conventional energy sources.To provide technical consultancy services in implementation of power projects through renewable energy sources.To achieve the to a higher place objectives NEDCAP has initiated many programmes in different areas of non-conventional energy sources. The programmes are continuously monitored and needful support is extended to individuals, non-profit making organizations, mercantile and industrial organizations working in various projects associated with renewable energy resources. The following are some highlights of the pr omotion measures initiated by NEDCAP. forwarding of solar energyGovernment of Andhra Pradesh has issued GOs under elongation Nos. G.O.Ms.No.302 M.A. go out 03.08.2004 and G.O.Ms.No.506 MA dated 03-12.2004 of Municipal Administration Urban Development (M) Department making mandatory for installation of Solar Water passion Systems at proposed construction of hospitals, nursing homes, hotels, guest houses, lodges and multi-storied buildings of stilt + 5 floors or 15 meters and above height provision shall be made in their plans. NEDCAP is taking all necessary initiatives in the implementation of the programme. It is providing subsidized loans with banks with concessional order of interests.Type of UsersRate of interest applicableDomestic users2%institutional users not availing accelerated dispraise3%Industrial and commercial users availing depreciation5%Source www.nedcap.gov.inAlong with the provision of loans at concessional rates of interest, NEDCAP is also providing capital s ubsides for the organizations which are not availing the facility of soft loans depending on the part of the organization and the area used for collecting the solar energy. The subsidies are Rs. 1100 per square meter of the collector area for registered non-profit making organisations and Rs.825 per square meter of the collector area for registered commercial establishments. Further it is providing and incentive of Rs. 100 per square meter for motivators and agents working in the field of attracting potential buyers of the solar water heaters.Promotion of Wind energyBased on the studies conducted through wind supervise exercise, it is found that the southern part of Andhra Pradesh has got wind potential for setting up of wind put forwards. The areas in Anantapur, Cuddapah, Kurnool and parts of Nellore and Chittoor district have been identified with relatively better potential sites to set up wind power projects. In the master plan to assess the potentiality in southern part of A. P. it is estimated that there is a potential of about 2100 MW capacity. NEDCAP has established 2.25 MW wind uttermostm project at Kondamedapally, Kurnool dist. and 2.50 MW wind farm at Narasimhakonda, Nellore district under demonstration scheme of MNRE. To encourage investment and to promote wind power projects in Andhra Pradesh, the Govt.of Andhra Pradesh has announced a comprehensive policy and incentives to set up wind power projects in personal sector. NEDCAP is the single window headway agency to sanction projects up to 20 MW capacity in the State and so far 100.12 MW capacity of projects by 30 developers at Ramagiri, Kadavakallu, Tallimadugula in Anantapur District and on Tirumala Hills, Chittoor district, was commissioned. The total installed capacity is 107.37 MWs as on March, 2008.NEDCAP extends the following services to the wind farm developers to set up projects in private sector.Clearance of projectsSelection of suitable sites for the proposed projectsProviding data re lated to the speed of the wind and related parametersGuidance on suitable equipment needed , its erection and deputation of the projectGuidance on inter-facing of the projectCo-ordination with the revenue department on the land allotment to the proposed projectsNecessary technical assistance to the projects sanctioned and to the ones commissioned.A total of 0.25% of the project cost subject to a minimum Rs.1.50 lakhs / MW is collectable to NEDCAP towards sanction fee of the project.Promotion of Biomass utilizationAfter identifying the abundant availability of bio mass in the state of Andhra Pradesh NEDCAP has started implementing the Biogas programme since 1982-83. The initial stages of implementing the programme, 4 ejaculate 6 cum capacity KVIC computer simulation biogas plants were erected. It has been observed that KVIC models of biogas plants are comparatively associated with high initial costs along with periodical maintenance. Since, 1990-91, the Corporation is promoting th e Deenabandhu model as it is less expensive and more efficient. The programme gained momentum and the same model is continued. The Corporation till now has installed around 2.50 lakhs biogas plants in the state so far. Under the biomass programme rural energy programmes are knowing and implemented.Rural Energy ProgrammesSl.No.DescriptionNos. Installed1Family Size Biogas Plants for cooking2.8 Lakhs2Improved Chulhas27.28 lakhsSource www.nedcap.gov.inNational Project on Biogas DevelopmentBasing on the studies conducted and on the success of the plants already installed in Andhra Pradesh, there is huge demand/potential for the establishment of Biogas Plants in Andhra Pradesh. The estimated potential of family size biogas plants is 10.90 lakhs. So far 2.84 lakh family-size biogas plants have been installed in the state.Improved ChulhasThe estimated potential in Andhra pradesh is 95 lakhs. Since 1984-85 the achievement is 27.03 lakhs. Presently, the programme is being undertaken with Sta te Govt. assistance.Promotion of Industrial waste based ProjectsNEDCAP is authorized by the A.P. State Government vide. G.O. Ms. No. 253, E F (RES) Department, dated 15-11-94 to sanction the Municipal unshakable Waste/Industrial Waste based Power projects of capacity up to 20 MW. Andhra Pradesh is having a number of Industries which generate effluents. These effluents are to be treated to have judge added products. The waste generated from Industries like sago, starch, palm oil, distilleries, dairy, vegetable wastes and poultry etc can be treated to generate Electricity. The following table presents the total capacity of the power generation projects undertaken in the industrial waste management area.i)Municipal Solid Waste Projects107 MWii)Municipal Liquid Waste16 MWTotal123 MWiii)Industrial Waste Projects 135.0 MWSource www.aponlineltd.orgIt is estimated that there is a huge potential of 40 MW from municipal solid wastes in the cities of Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Gu ntur. Two projects aggregating to a capacity of 12.6 MW are under implementation at Hyderabad and Vijayawada cities. It is estimated that there is still an untapped potential of 135 MW from industrial wastes including poultry, distilleries and others industries operating in the state. Out of this potential projects with a capacity of 1.50 MW have been commissioned.Small Hydro PowerThe activity of power generation from small hydro power has been transferred from AP TRANSCO wing which was previously known as APSEB to NEDCAP vide G.O.Ms.No.37 dated 01-02-1999 of Energy (Power I) Department, Government of AP. The assessed Hydro Power potential is 1000 MW (approx). The status piece on Small Hydro Power projects is shown in the table given below. circumstance of small hydro power projects as on 31-03-2008S.No.Description No. of projects condenser in MW1No. of projects sanctioned47146.6032No. of projects commissioned3192.3533No. of projects under progress057.1504No. of projects Financial closure not completed1147.1005Detailed project reports referred to Irrigation Dept. for emergence of No Objection Certificatecxxv305.500Source www.nedcap.gov.inThe total no of projects sanctioned are 47in number with a capacity of 146.603MW. The capacity utilized so far is 92.353 MW through 31 projects commissioned under private sector participation. The number if Projects, which are in progress, is 16 with a capacity of 54.250 MW. The proposals and detailed project reports referred to Irrigation Department for issuance of No Objection Certificate are aggregating to a total capacity of 305.500 MW.Andhra Pradesh is one of the pioneering states in the country in encouraging the non-conventional energy based power projects. The State Government has authorized the nodal agency NEDCAP to sanction NCES based power projects of capacity up to 20 MW in private sector also along with the public sector participation. The cumulative installed capacity as on 31.10.2003 is 473.09 MW which is abo ut 4.6 % of the total installed capacity in the state. During the year 2002-03, 1287.55 Mega Units of power was fed into the State grid which is 3.65 % of the total volume of power generated in the state. The Non Conventional Energy based power projects have the following advantagesenvironmental friendly and produce green power with less costs and free rawmaterial.Every KWH of power generated from NCES will eliminate 1 KG of vitamin C emission into the atmosphere which is relatively very less when compared with conventional sources like coal, oil and natural gas.Non Conventional Energy Sources are abundantly available and are renewable with in no period of time.Low gestation period of the projects commissioned under the utilization of non-conventional sources.Also helpful in conserving the rapidly depleting reserves of fossil fuels.Helpful in creating rural manipulation and self employment opportunitiesHelps in improving the economic and living conditions of the rural population.C onclusionThe importance of non-conventional energy resources is gaining momentum in the country as well as in the state. India is now one of the countries implementing various programmes on the utilization and promotion of non-conventional energy resources. Rightly identifying the need of the hour for the conservation of energy resources the Planning Commission of India in its Integrated Energy insurance Report (IEPR) has highlighted the need to develop domestic supply options and diversify energy sources. The projections of the report state that non-conventional sources may account for 5 to 6 per cent of Indias total energy mix by 2031-32. As the Nodal agency of the state of Andhra Pradesh, NEDCAP is taking all necessary initiatives to promote the usage of the renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biomass, industrial wastes etc, as evident from the above discussion on various areas of non-conventional areas of energy. Private participation is also solicited in some of the a reas like power generation and solar heating systems. To become more effective in the promotion, NEDCAP can also undertake promotional and publicity campaigns for individuals, NGOs, commercial and non-commercial institutions elaborating the importance of the conservation of the conventional sources of energy and the need for supplementing them with non-conventional sources. Finally it is ably said that Save Nature and Enjoy the Future